设 $b > 0$,数列 $\left\{ {a_n} \right\}$ 满足 ${a_1} = b$,${a_n} = \dfrac{{nb{a_{n - 1}}}}{{{a_{n - 1}} + 2n - 2}}\left( {n \geqslant 2} \right)$.
【难度】
【出处】
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【标注】
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求数列 $\left\{ {a_n} \right\}$ 的通项公式;标注答案解析由 ${a_n} = \dfrac{{nb{a_{n - 1}}}}{{{a_{n - 1}} + 2n - 2}}$,可得\[\dfrac{n}{a_n} = \dfrac{2}{b} \cdot \dfrac{n - 1}{{{a_{n - 1}}}} + \dfrac{1}{b}, \]当 $b = 2$ 时,\[\dfrac{n}{a_n} = \dfrac{n - 1}{{{a_{n - 1}}}} + \dfrac{1}{2},\]则数列 $\left\{ {\dfrac{n}{a_n}} \right\}$ 是以 $\dfrac{1}{a_1} = \dfrac{1}{2}$ 为首项,$\dfrac{1}{2}$ 为公差的等差数列,所以\[\dfrac{n}{a_n} = \dfrac{n}{2},\]从而\[{a_n} = 2.\]当 $b \ne 2$ 时,可变形成\[\dfrac{n}{a_n} + \dfrac{1}{2 - b} = \dfrac{2}{b}\left( {\dfrac{n - 1}{{{a_{n - 1}}}} + \dfrac{1}{2 - b}} \right),\]则数列 $\left\{ {\dfrac{n}{a_n} + \dfrac{1}{2 - b}} \right\}$ 是以 $\dfrac{1}{a_1} + \dfrac{1}{2 - b} = \dfrac{2}{{b\left( {2 - b} \right)}}$ 为首项,$\dfrac{2}{b}$ 为公比的等比数列,结合等比数列公式\[\begin{split}\dfrac{n}{a_n} + \dfrac{1}{2 - b} & = \dfrac{2}{{b\left( {2 - b} \right)}} \cdot {\left( {\dfrac{2}{b}} \right)^{n - 1}} \\& = \dfrac{1}{2 - b} \cdot {\left( {\dfrac{2}{b}} \right)^n},\end{split}\]所以\[ {a_n} = \dfrac{{n{b^n}\left( {2 - b} \right)}}{{{2^n} - {b^n}}},\]综上\[{a_n} = {\begin{cases}2&\left( {b = 2} \right), \\
\dfrac{{n{b^n}\left( {2 - b} \right)}}{{{2^n} - {b^n}}}&\left( {b > 0,b \ne 2} \right). \\
\end{cases}}\] -
证明:对于一切正整数 $n$,${a_n} \leqslant \dfrac{{{b^{n + 1}}}}{{{2^{n + 1}}}} + 1$.标注答案解析当 $b = 2$ 时,${a_n} = 2$,$\dfrac{{{b^{n + 1}}}}{{{2^{n + 1}}}} + 1 = 2$,所以\[ {a_n} = \dfrac{{{b^{n + 1}}}}{{{2^{n + 1}}}} + 1,\]从而原不等式成立;
当 $b \ne 2$ 时,要证\[{a_n} \leqslant \dfrac{{{b^{n + 1}}}}{{{2^{n + 1}}}} + 1,\]只需证\[\dfrac{{n{b^n}\left( {2 - b} \right)}}{{{2^n} - {b^n}}} \leqslant \dfrac{{{b^{n + 1}}}}{{{2^{n + 1}}}} + 1,\]即证\[\dfrac{{n\left( {2 - b} \right)}}{{{2^n} - {b^n}}} \leqslant \dfrac{b}{{{2^{n + 1}}}} + \dfrac{1}{b^n},\]即证\[\dfrac{n}{{{2^{n - 1}} + {2^{n - 2}}b + {2^{n - 3}}{b^2} + \cdots + 2{b^{n - 2}} + {b^{n - 1}}}} \leqslant \dfrac{b}{{{2^{n + 1}}}} + \dfrac{1}{b^n},\]即证\[n \leqslant \dfrac{{{2^{n - 1}}}}{b^n} + \dfrac{{{2^{n - 2}}}}{{{b^{n - 1}}}} + \dfrac{{{2^{n - 3}}}}{{{b^{n - 2}}}} + \cdots + \dfrac{2}{b^2} + \dfrac{1}{b} + \dfrac{b}{2^2} + \dfrac{b^2}{2^3} + \cdots + \dfrac{{{b^{n - 1}}}}{2^n} + \dfrac{b^n}{{{2^{n + 1}}}},\]而上式右边\[\begin{split} &= \left( {\dfrac{{{2^{n - 1}}}}{b^n} + \dfrac{b^n}{{{2^{n + 1}}}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{{2^{n - 2}}}}{{{b^{n - 1}}}} + \dfrac{{{b^{n - 1}}}}{2^n}} \right) + \cdots + \left( {\dfrac{2}{b^2} + \dfrac{b^2}{2^3}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{1}{b} + \dfrac{b}{2^2}} \right) \\ &\geqslant 2\sqrt {\dfrac{{{2^{n - 1}}}}{b^n} \cdot \dfrac{b^n}{{{2^{n + 1}}}}} + 2\sqrt {\dfrac{{{2^{n - 2}}}}{{{b^{n - 1}}}} \cdot \dfrac{{{b^{n - 1}}}}{2^n}} + \cdots + 2\sqrt {\dfrac{2}{b^2} \cdot \dfrac{b^2}{2^3}} + 2\sqrt {\dfrac{1}{b} \cdot \dfrac{b}{2^2}} \\ &= n.\end{split}\]$\therefore $ 当 $b \ne 2$ 时,原不等式也成立,从而原不等式成立.
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